An Experiment on the Synthesis and Characterization of...

Introduction In this experiment, the focus will be the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel seems to have become the substitute for fossil fuel. It can also be an alternative for the petroleum-based biodiesel. By having renewable resources such as corn, soybeans, peanuts and other makes biodiesel a viable option. Using these resources wouldn’t help alleviate the problems with fossil fuel in the US. Biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil. Transesterification is the reversible reaction where one ester is converted into another by exchanging an ester group with an alcohol in the presence of a base. Experimental According to the Laboratory Manual, there are multiple steps. We will need 50mL vegetable oil, 10mL methanol, 0.5mL 9M NaOH, diesel fuel, salt and ice. For preparation of Biodiesel, various types of oil were available for synthesizing biodiesel. Measure 50mL of biodiesel into a 250mL beaker. Second, add a clean magnetic stir bar to the oil and the place the beaker on a stirring hotplate. Adjust the stirring rate so that the solution is being well mixed without splashing and turn heat on low. Third, while the mixture is heating prepare a solution of methanol and sodium hydroxide. Measure 10mL of methanol into a small beaker. Add 0.5mL of 9M NaOH to the methanol. Fourth, heat the mixture to 50C. As soon as the oil reaches 50C, turn off heat, but continue stirring. Fifth, slowly pour the methanol/NaOH mixtureShow MoreRelatedThe Synthesis And Characterization Of Biodiesel Fuels1019 Words   |  5 Pagessupply which mainly comes from fossil fuels. Over time, people’s dependency on fossil fuels has become a problem. Fossil fuels are essentially limited in supply so people can’t depend on them for all of their energy needs. They also have a negative environmental effect on our world: global warming, acid rain, air pollution, etc. (U.S. Fossil Fuel Dependency). One way to solve this problem is by encouraging the use of biodiesel fuels. Biodiesel fuel synthesis has been known of for a while but is justRead MoreThe Internal Combustion Engine5941 Words   |  24 Pagescenturies ago, humans have become increasingly reliant on fuel to power these engines. Our only method, historically, for obtaining this fuel is to probe the earth and oceans until crude oil is struck. Crude oil is termed a fossil fuel as it takes hundreds of millions of years to form. Crude oil is extracted from a geological reservoir and subsequently refined into the various fuels which we use at ever increasing rates (petroleum, diesel, aviation fuel etc). Unfortunately we are not findin g new oil deposits

Culture And Saudi Arabia s Policy - 904 Words

Culture in Saudi Arabia’s policy What is culture? That is probably one of the most important questions to tackle before diving into this topic. Culture is defined as the shared practices in a particular society and not shared by others, which include language, history, etc. that unify people and make people different from others. One has three choices on how he or she wants to use culture. Those three uses for culture are as a shield, weapon or a bridge, which often times play a vital role in the decision making process. For the discussion on Saudi policy, culture was used as a shield to form the policy for Saudi Arabia because they are considered the leaders in which knowing this and other cultural aspects caused an impediment in assessing policy with the other factions, ISIS, Yemen, Iran and the nuclear issue. Saudi Arabia considers itself the leader of the Islamic world, which gives way to the idea that they use culture as a bridge. Saudi Arabia is home to two of the most important places for the Islam. These cities are Medina and Mecca, which are the holiest cities for Islam. Being that they hold these two cities, they believe it is their right to assume leadership over the Islamic world. That in itself shows that they are using culture to justify their actions such as sending help to those who need it most. One country that they tend to help is Yemen, more specifically in the north due to their close proximity, poverty, crime and like cultural aspects such as followersShow MoreRelatedHofstede s Five Dimensions : Cultural Differences Between Saudi Arabia And Australia879 Words   |  4 PagesHofstede s Five Dimensions Hofstede’s five dimensions will help us compare cultural differences between Saudi Arabia and Australia relate to leadership. After a decade of research and thousands of interviews emerged Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, a model of cultural dimensions that have become an internationally recognized standard (Mind Tools, n.d, para. 5). These two very different cultures separated by miles and miles of ocean, share some surprising similar dimensions. Using Hofstede’sRead MoreEconomic Growth And Saudi Arabia1733 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Growth in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has an economy that is largely dependent on oil, with the government maintaining the biggest control over the country s significant economic activities. Saudi Arabia owns about 16% of the global oil reserves and is the number one exporter of oil (Saudi Arabia, 2013). In addition, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was instrumental in the formation of the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) group, which initially comprised Iraq, VenezuelaRead MoreThe Cultural Framework Of Saudi Arabia896 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Culture is a set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures, and behavioral conventions that are shared by a group of people and that impacts each member’s behavior.† Culture is extremely powerful. It is so deeply rooted in people’s subconscious that it has permeated every aspect of individuals’ and groups’ way of life. Culture is evident in one’s biological processes, emotional responses, intellectual pursuits, social interactions, and worldviewRead MoreWhy Canada Is A Multicultural Country1389 Words   |  6 Pagesequality to some degree among the various different cultures it has, however, gender inequality exists among many countries. Gender inequality exits to a varying extent in all societies and differs over time, across social and ethnic groups (Mobaraki Sà ¶derfeldt, 2010). In Saudi Arabia, the system of governance is a monarchy, with its constitution governed by strict interpretat ion of the Islamic laws (Mobaraki Sà ¶derfeldt, 2010). In Saudi Arabia, women’s roles and rights can be evaluated by examiningRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesPosition Paper Country: Saudi Arabia Name: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. 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As a result, many people may not be directly part of the al Qaeda network or even directly linked to bin Laden. Due to their common views and beliefs of Western culture, militant groups loosely associated to al Qaeda have been formed, carrying on the original objectives that bin Laden had in mind when he created thisRead More Usama bin Laden Biography Essays1450 Words   |  6 Pages Usama bin Laden and His Selection Of Terrorism Usama bin Laden, born in 1957, comes from a wealthy Saudi Arabian family that owns a multinational construction business. He used his inherited wealth to finance Afghan forces fighting the Soviet Unions occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980’s. After the 1991 Gulf War, he was distressed that Saudi Arabia allowed U.S. forces to remain in the Arabian Peninsula. To advance his agenda of expelling the U.S. from the Islamic world, he worked with otherRead MoreEssay On Sending Countries1683 Words   |  7 Pagesdark side also like: Firstly receiving country faces the problem of unemployment, especially young generation. Receiving country become dependent either directly or indirectly on foreign workforce, which is also not good for them. Sometime clash of culture also become the reason of concern when nationals cannot mix themselves with the foreigners. 4. Challenges †¢ The ongoing unethical or illegal recruitment conducted by recruitment agents is an important challenge faced by the Gulf, Indian governmentsRead MoreSaudi Arabi The Most Important Countries Of The World1936 Words   |  8 PagesSaudi Arabia is among the most important countries of the world. It is the religious center for more than 1.5 Billion Muslims of the world. Saudi Arabia also has high global standing due to its rich oil fields as it is the largest exporter of oil in the world. The country still has monarchy as its system of government and is also known for its highly religious, traditional and conservative culture. However, the discoveries of oil rich reserves in the last century have pretty much transformed Saudi

Wrought Iron free essay sample

Microstructure of Wrought Iron Wrought Iron †¢ Wrought iron was once the most important metallic engineering material but it has now been almost totally replaced by the different grades of steel. †¢ A little wrought iron is still made and will probably continue to be made since it possesses certain extremely valuable properties. †¢ Wrought iron is a soft but ductile metal made from pig iron by a low temperature oxidation process called ‘Puddling’. It is not fully molten when withdrawn from the furnace and therefore, always contains some slag. Production of Wrought Iron †¢ Wrought iron is made by removing silicon, sulphur, manganese, phosphorus and carbon from pig iron by oxidation conducted at a temperature of about 1300oC. †¢ Oxygen required for oxidation is supplied partly by the atmospheric air passing through the furnace and partly by the additions of iron oxide. †¢ Silicon, manganese and phosphorus in molten pig iron form SiO2, MnO and P2O5. We will write a custom essay sample on Wrought Iron or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These oxides combine with iron oxide to form a low melting point liquid slag. †¢ As the iron loses its silicon, manganese, phosphorus and carbon, the melting point of the iron is raised and at the end of the refining the iron is in a pasty condition. †¢ At this stage the iron is gathered in the form of balls, worked as free of slag as possible and dragged out of the hearth. These balls are then placed under a hammer where as much of the slag as possible is squeezed out. The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia published in 1637, written by Song Yingxing (1587– 1666). Production of Wrought Iron †¢ The squeezed balls are then rolled into â€Å"muck bars† (3/4 to 1 in. thick and 2. 5 to 8 in. wide). The muck bars are then piled, reheated, and rolled into billets, plates, or other suitable shapes †¢ This rolling serves to elongate the slag. The slag, therefore, occurs in the direction of rolling and visible in the longitudinal section as streaks. In the transverse section the slag appears as round grayish dots. †¢ The metal consists of irregular grains of ferrite, which (although deformed in rolling) are no longer elongated, because the temperature at which the rolling has been done was sufficiently high to permit ferrite crystals to recrystallise. (a) (b) Microstructure of Wrought Iron (a) Longitudinal Section (b) Transverse Section Table 1: Chemical compositi on comparison of pig iron, plain carbon steel, and wrought iron[32] Material Pig iron Carbon steel Wrought iron Iron 91–94 98. – 99. 5 99–99. 8 Carbon 3. 5–4. 5 0. 07–1. 3 0. 05– 0. 25 Mangane se 0. 5–2. 5 0. 3–1. 0 0. 01–0. 1 Sulfur 0. 018– 0. 1 0. 02– 0. 06 0. 02–0. 1 Phosphor Silicon us 0. 03–0. 1 0. 002– 0. 1 0. 05–0. 2 0. 25–3. 5 0. 005– 0. 5 0. 02–0. 2 All units are percent weight Properties of wrought iron †¢ the slag inclusions in the wrought metal are largely large inclusions between crystals of the pure metal, in contrast to microscopic inclusions that are present in large quantities in cast steel made by the modern processes. Coagulated slag particles that pierce the metal decrease the mechanical properties (such as rupture strength) of wrought iron to some extent, but on the other hand, they impart some extremely valuable properties. †¢ These include extreme ductility and toughness and remarkable resistance to atmospheric corrosion. years The Delhi iron pillar is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of India. The iron pillar at Delhi has withstood corrosion for the last 1600 years Containing 98% wrought iron The Eiffel tower is constructed from puddle iron, a form of wrought iron